Key Actors in Business European Making †Business Policy Essay Sample free essay sample

Within this essay cardinal histrions in the devising of concern policy in the European Union ( E. U ) will be brought to visible radiation. Specific motivations and responsibilities of each histrion will be clearly defined and how each single histrion affects concern policy within the E. U. Internal regulating organic structures every bit good as force per unit area groups and other histrions will be elaborated on with their ain influences in the devising of a concern policy. The European Union is an economical and political merger of 27 states located chiefly in the European continent ( see appendix i for all members ) . These 27 member provinces have relinquished portion of their sovereignty to European establishments and these establishments or ‘governing bodies’ are those that set the way for the whole E. U. The E. U has delivered half a century of peace. stableness and prosper harmonizing to some regulating organic structures nevertheless this feeling is non cosmopolitan. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Actors in Business European Making – Business Policy Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The EU is based on the regulation of jurisprudence. this means that everything that it does is founded on pacts. voluntarily and democratically agreed by all member states ; an illustration of this is the ‘Treaty of Lisbon’ . These adhering understandings set out the EU’s ends in its many countries of activity There are four chief European Union regulating organic structures and these are responsible for the bulk of the activities in the E. U. The organic structures are listed below: 1. European Commission 2. European Council 3. European Parliament 4. European Court of Justice 1. European Commission The European Commission. established in 1958. is the ‘executive body’ of the E. U. The Commission is chiefly based in Brussels at the Berlaymont edifice nevertheless many other operations occur around Brussels and Luxemburg with many meetings taking topographic point in Strasbourg. The chief duties of the Commission are suggesting statute laws. implementing determinations. continuing the union’s pacts and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours running of the E. U. The Commission is run as a ‘cabinet government’ whereby one member of each state from the E. U represents the state instead than a whole authorities stand foring their place state. At present Jose Manuel Durao Barroso is the president of the Commission. The Commission was set up as a supranational authorization detached from authoritiess and is the lone organic structure ‘paid to believe European’ . The Commissioners from each member province are to move separately hence imperso nal to other influences such as authoritiess. This is dissimilar to the European Council which represents authoritiess and the European Parliament who represents citizens. The European Council and the Commission both hold the power to command the whole European Union amongst them nevertheless the governmental powers of the Commission have such that Guy Verhofstadt. the Belgian Prime Minister. suggested to altering the name from Commission to ‘Government’ due to the authorization it holds. Out of all regulating organic structures for the E. U. merely the committee has legislative enterprise therefore when concern policy devising occurs most ‘influencers’ attack the Commission and the Council and Parliament can merely bespeak statute laws of which the Commission accepts or diminutions. The Commission has started to lose place to states like the U. K. Germany and France and these look to sideline the function of Barroso and his presidential position. In late 2012. Jose Barroso addressed the E. U Parliament in Strasbourg to germinate the E. U into a ‘federation of state states’ because this alteration is necessary to battle the continent’s economic crisis which was impacting all E. U concerns ( I ) . Barroso touched on the quandary for Greece and stated that if they stuck by the committednesss so they would besides be able to remain in the euro zone. Hereafter this remark was made ; Barroso besides said that states in the euro zone should non trust on bailouts from the European Central Bank. The Commission is motivated to bettering the regulative environment in which the European concerns operate which will assist them make good in planetary markets. The European Commission go with regulations associating to corporate administration and company jurisprudence every bit good as accounting and scrutinizing. This helps companies in the E. U. as the Commission make one set of regulations with a incorporate direction system. The system used allows companies to set their trust into the Commission by increasing transparence. heightening protection of investors. every bit good as fraud and misdirection. Removal of obstructions to cross-border trade. such as contract jurisprudence and revenue enhancement. is a committedness that the Commission seeks to prosecute. The European Union can be described as a ‘Single Market’ is a specific trade axis which means trade is free and there is a common ordinance on merchandises every bit good as the four freedoms ; free motion of capitals. labor. goods and services. Fiscal Taxes. Physical Lodgers and Technical Standards are removed to their maximal extent which gives the semblance of a coaction of states involved. In concern footings. this is good because it gives a larger possible market for companies to brood into every bit good as a bigger mark audience. Delivery times and decreased costs are seen by most concerns covering with clients from state to state around the E. U because there is an absence of lodger bureaucratism. The E. U. more specifically the Commission. has looked to undertake private and public barriers to competition through ordinance and building of a wide legal model. Some of the regulations set out are given below ( two ) : I ) Prevent Firms from conspiring by monetary value repair. trusts and other collaborative schemes therefore exciting competition and prevent oligopolists from acting amorally. two ) Prevent Firms from mistreating places of market laterality. three ) Control the size to which houses grow through acquisitions and amalgamations. four ) Restrict province assistance to autochthonal houses. The Commission is said to hold a ‘double mandate’ . In one case it must work with national competition governments in doing certain anti-competitive patterns are restricted and besides to hold preparation of E. U oligopolies that hinder competition. On the other manus. the actions of the Commission must reflect the worlds of planetary competition every bit good as the demand for Europe to obtain a vaster cross boundary line which will enable them to vie in planetary markets. This is a large challenge the Commission faces when doing concern policies for the E. U. Trade Policy is an elect power that merely the E. U possesses which means that merely they can pass on trade personal businesss and concludes international trade trades. Whilst the Commission is the chief instigator. the Council and Parliament both have to hold to the proposal before it can be endorsed. The Commission is the chief negotiant whom discusses trades with merchandising spouses of the E. U every bit good as working closely with the Council and maintaining the Parliament good informed. The Council will put out aims by which the Commission achieve. Trade understandings are merely put into force once it is to the full ratified. The European Commission is expected to supervise and follow the regulations of the ‘Stability and Growth Pact ( SGP ) which and this is another determiner of concern policies for the E. U. The SGP is a model for puting financial policy amongst EU Member States. The SGP includes a set of regulations for financial policies in the Member States. including bounds on authorities shortages and debt to guarantee sound public fundss. It is an of import component of Economic and Monetary Union. This will be discussed in deepness subsequently. 2. European Council The E. U Council is an establishment of the E. U that is the strategic organic structure. The Council has no legislative power. non to be mistaken for the Council of Ministers whom have legislative power ; nevertheless make petitions to the Commission as radius of earlier. The Council defines the general political way and the chief precedences and is charged under the Lisbon Treaty. The Council brings together caputs of provinces or authoritiess of every E. U state along with the Commission president and the Council president. whom is Herman Van Rompuy. who’s in power until November 2014. Van Rompuy arranges meetings twice every six months normally located in Brussels whereby composite and sensitive issues are dealt with consequently. Decisions are normally derived by consensus nevertheless some instances are decided by unanimity or by a bulk. all dependent on what the Treaty provides for. The Council is the establishment most affected by the Numberss in the E. U. Therefore. t he displacement from 15 to 27 has meant a major alteration for intergovernmental dialogues. Business policy devising within the E. U is affected by all administration and establishments with respects to their ain powers and duties. The Council being the strategic organic structure of the E. U means that the political enforcements need to be set and these affect all concerns. Within the Council. policies are voted for by national authoritiess nevertheless they can be outvoted by another party. National authoritiess may hold their ain concern policies nevertheless they must be attuned to the E. U policies. The Council is a legislator although non with the same power as the Commission. however still makes statute laws and passes these onto to the Commission for credence. The Commission novices and formulates policies nevertheless the Council’s function is merely every bit of import because they have to O.K. of this to do it into a jurisprudence. as do the European Parliament which will be discussed subsequently. When struggles occur between members it is the Council whom addresses them and happen common land on which the determinations and policies sent for blessing by the Commission can be discussed and dealt with in the appropriate mode. In December 2012 the Council had announced a study whereby President Rompuy wanted a end ‘towards echt economic and pecuniary union’ . The Council are being urged to reconstruct concern and investor assurance. increase fight and kick start growing. This petition shows how of import the Council play a portion in concern policy devising and how it impacts everyone with the E. U ( three ) . 3. European Parliament The European Parliament ( EP ) is a parliamentary establishment of the E. U that is straight elected every five old ages. with similar legislative power as the Council and together they carry out a process which is called ‘Co-decision’ . However in recent old ages the EP has been turning in importance. Martin Schulz is the current President of the Parliament and most of their work takes topographic point in Brussels. Luxembourg and Strasbourg. The EP is described as the most powerful legislative assemblies in the universe with 754 members and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the universe. The EP is the first establishment of the E. U and besides portions similar budgetary and legislative powers with the Council. One of the chief points to advert about the EP is that the Commission is accountable to the Parliament significance Parliament elects the President of the Commission and later can coerce the Commission as a organic structure to vacate and this is done by transporting out a gesture of animadversion ( four ) . The Parliament is such huge administration organic structure that it is broken down into many different commissions that deal with their ain legislative work ( see appendix ii for sub-committees ) Within these commissions. studies are made when the commission members meet. normally in Brussels. and when plenary commences for the Parliament as a whole ballots are made. The Parliament has three chief functions in concurrence with policy devising and the first is discoursing and accepting European Torahs along with the Council. The 2nd function is analyzing other E. U establishments. particularly the Commission. to do certain they are working democratically. The 3rd function is debating and welcoming the E. U’s budget besides along with the Council ( V ) . Over the past twosome of old ages the Parliament has increased in importance and has received more power. The Parliament will derive entree to meetings and certification on legislative and budgetary issues and an illustration of this information being used is shown in recent intelligence whereby Members of European Parliament ( MEP’s ) will discourse budgetary regulations with euro-zone main Jean-Claude Junker. Besides. during the meetings the MEP’s will discourse minimal criterions for welcoming of refuge searchers. recognition evaluation bureaus. banking brotherhoods and a young person warrant leting each E. U citizen that is a young person the right to analyze. train or work ( six ) . More entree to classified and confidential information will be granted to the Parliament every bit good as being kept up to day of the month with all the E. U’s dialogues internationally peculiarly those affecting trade trades ( seven ) . This will therefore average when concern policy devising occurs the EP will hold much more of an penetration and influence with the result because they have full cognition of what has occurred and what is traveling to happen. 4. European Court of Justice The European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) is the legal organic structure of the European Union. There is one justice from each member state who is appointed for a six twelvemonth term in which reclamation is possible. The ECJ takes E. U Torahs and makes certain it is upheld and consistent in all E. U states. From clip to clip there are differences within the E. U amongst authoritiess and establishments and it is the responsibility of the Court of Justice to settle these dissensions. There are five common types of instances that the Court of Justice regulations and these are: †¢ Direct Actions – advocated by persons and companies against E. U determination or action. †¢ Actions for revocation – if any E. U member or E. U Governing organic structure finds a peculiar E. U Law illegal so they can bespeak the Court of Justice to invalidate it. Even persons can near the Court if the jurisprudence is holding inauspicious effects on them entirely. If a jurisprudence is non right based on the Treaties it excessively can besides be annulled. †¢ Actions for failure to move – against E. U establishments for neglecting to do determinations required of them. Treaties require the Commission. Council and Parliament to do determinations under specific fortunes and if they do non follow this the Court acts on this by entering this failure to move. †¢ Actions for failure to carry through an duty – Commission. every bit good as other E. U Countries. normally starts actions if they feel a member state is neglecting to run into the E. U jurisprudence. The Court investigates and gives its finding of fact in which if found true a all right can be issued to the state. †¢ Requests for preliminary opinion – this is when a national tribunal asks the European Court of Justice to lucubrate and construe a point of E. U jurisprudence. ( eight ) For over 50 old ages mergers in Europe have led to restructuring of the political regulations and ordinances. The Court of Justice has brought integrity where there has been diverseness and it has besides been a cardinal histrion in the integrating procedure. One manner of legal integrating is direct judicial influences on statute laws nevertheless this is dissimilar to what the Court had been making. The Court of Justice had been utilizing a policy of ‘direct effect’ and ‘superiority’ of which persons have in the yesteryear raised misdemeanors of European Law over. Through constitutional reappraisal. the Court can act upon merger because Treaties within Europe rank at the constitutional degree whereas Regulations are secondary Torahs. Recommending the Treaties. which is the judicial law-making mechanism. is really of import in the E. U and this is shown with the points below: †¢ The tribunals take determinations entirely from political force per unit areas. It is impossible to manus out countenances to single Judgess by authoritiess hence restricting political control. †¢ Treaties can be labelled as an uncomplete contract hence ( nine ) In the responsibilities of their work and duties. the four regulating organic structures mentioned maintain a good relationship with other ‘E. U Organs and independent E. U agencies’ . These organic structures are besides histrions in E. U concern policy doing nevertheless non to the extent of the four chief regulating organic structures mentioned ( see appendices iii ) . Pressure Groups/Interest groups and the E. U Policy Making There are many administrations non merely within the European Union but in the universe that try to act upon public policy with the involvements of a specific cause and these are referred to as Pressure Groups. Most force per unit area groups perform ‘lobbying’ which is a political term for seeking to act upon policy shapers into following a certain way of action which will be good to their cause. There are two types of force per unit area groups ; those that are prosecuting private. economic involvements and those that are working for social/public involvement. Those that pursue economic involvements are chiefly booming towards alterations in competition policy and trade policies because these are the factors that straight affect concerns. An illustration of this type of force per unit area group would be Committee of European Agricultural Organisations in the EU ( COPA ) . In recent intelligence COPA have urged the E. U Commission to ‘release without hold. anti-dumping steps against canned Citrus reticulata coming from China’ ( xi ) . This is a premier illustration of how economic force per unit area groups behave when faced with issues that will be damaging to net incomes non merely to one company but possibly even the whole market. In this case. the Commission is fixing a new E. U ordinance to set frontward to the E. U Court of Justice whom questioned the Comm ission’s method on anti-dumping responsibilities. The exclusive motivation behind this impulse is because China can bring forth a kg of Mandarin at merely 6. 30 euros whereas E. U is around 11-12 euros. Large graduated table companies around the Europe are besides involved in concern policy devising within the E. U and normally appeal to the Commission as they are seen as the determination shaper of the E. U. The large companies can be referred to as involvement groups and they involve themselves in concern policy-making because they would wish to act upon countries such as international trade. consumer protection and nutrient. In July 2012 this is the statement made by The Parliament. an EU political intelligence and information web site. about the Commission and large companies: â€Å"Parliament has antecedently criticized the committee for prosecuting more with large concern than with any other societal group through these consultative groups. ALTER-EU is now naming on the committee to do â€Å"major† alterations in the composing of its consultative groups to guarantee that the public involvement is decently served. It besides calls on the committee to implement parliament’s demands and present precautions against corporate gaining control of adept groups. † ( xii ) . The group is reasoning that by leting large companies to ‘dictate’ will take away from the wide public involvement and work in favour entirely for the companies. Large companies have a really close evaluation of successful influence as European Groups which is amazing due to the size of European Groups compared to some companies. The nature of involvement is highest for large companies in comparing to do or sectional groups. such as Human Rights Watch. and thi s can be shown in Appendix four ( thirteen ) Regions and Government Bodies Governments of each member state are a cardinal histrion in concern policy doing within Europe nevertheless their ‘European power’ is non every bit dominant as that of which the four chief regulating organic structures of the European Union possess. In recent intelligence U. K Prime Minister. David Cameron. has given the opportunity for the populace to vote in 2015 whether the U. K should remain or go forth the E. U. Cameron is seeking to state. harmonizing to some Ministers different E. U Countries. that the U. K should be allowed to pick and take certain policies to repatriate. This will of class be good for some concerns of the U. K. for illustration British Fishermen whom can non vie with E. U fish concerns. nevertheless it go forthing the E. U would intend the Single Market benefits are lost ( fourteen ) . In relation to this. concerns feel that go forthing the E. U. would increase monetary values when borrowing in markets. â€Å"We need a new relationship with the EU. backed by democratic authorization. † said the group. which includes the main executives of B A ; Q proprietor Kingfisher. excavation group Xstrata. electricals retailer Dixons. the London Stock Exchange and drinks shaper Diageo. every bit good as the president of technology house Rolls Royce. † This was the sentiment of many large U. K concerns whom seem to be endorsing Cameron in his scheme nevertheless the four government organic structures and all their curates shall make up ones mind whether policies can be changed ( fifteen ) . Below there is amplification on how the Government influences concerns with different policies: Employment Policy Stimulation of employment is a major focal point for Governments. An illustration of this is the U. K authorities at the present. whom are acute to promote concern efficiency which allow occupant concerns to go competitory in planetary markets which should make occupations. Regional Policy At European Level. fiscal support is aided to those parts which have high unemployment and societal want ; illustrations of this are rural France. Southern Italy every bit good as some parts of Scotland. This policy is set up to assist those countries that have lost occupation chances due to more comfortable locations. Inflation Policy It is an purpose of the Government to do certain there is no unexpected general rise in monetary values. Interest rates are increased when the populace are passing or borrowing excessively much which consequence in an addition in monetary value. The rise in involvement rates makes the monetary value steeper at which concerns borrow money for and the same applies for consumers. On a European graduated table it is the European Central Bank ( ECB ) that sets the pecuniary policy which consists of modulating the sum of money in the economic system. This therefore means the ECB is besides a cardinal histrion in the devising of a concern policy in the E. U. Tax Policy Businesss pay revenue enhancements which make a valuable part to the community. In return. the Government reinvests this money into the community by constructing roads. airdromes and assistance to developing countries hence assisting concerns. This can help concerns in agencies of their distribution. communicating. handiness and spread out the mark audience ( xvi ) . In decision to all the histrions mentioned I personally feel that the European Commission is the greatest histrion in concern policy doing due to their ‘executive’ nature which enables them to suggest statute laws and do the cardinal determinations. However. without the European Parliament and European Council. the Commission may non move in the public’s best involvement in all cases therefore they are of import within the function of concern policy devising. I feel the European Court of Justice brings integrity to the whole European Union and this leads to break dealingss amongst states and concerns of each location. My sentiment is that the four government organic structures are the most cardinal histrions when puting concern policies nevertheless the involvement groups. concerns and local authoritiess do hold their say and topographic point in the procedure. On the other manus all determinations are made by the Commission hence doing them the dominant organic s tructure within the whole European Union.

March Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

March Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays Discover what famous event happened on the March calendar concerning patents, trademarks or copyrights, and see which famous inventor has the same March birthday as you or what invention was created on that March calendar day. March Calendar of Inventions, Trademarks, and Patents March 1 1921- Magician and showman Harry Houdini was granted patent #1,370,316 for a divers suit. March 2 1861- The Patent Act of 1861 increased the term of a patent grant from 14 to 17 years; now it is 20 years. March 3 1821- Thomas Jennings received a patent for dry scouring of clothes. He was the first African-American inventor to receive a US patent. March 4 1955- The first radio facsimile, or fax transmission, was sent across the continent.1997- Leonard Kasday received a patent for a way to handle telephone prize opportunities. March 5 1872- George Westinghouse  Jr. patented the steam-air brake.1963- Arthur K. Melin received U.S. Patent Number 3,079,728 on March 5, 1963, for a Hoop Toy, aka the Hula-Hoop. March 6 1899- Felix Hoffmann patented aspirin. He discovered that the compound called salicin found in willow plants provided pain relief.1990- Mel Evenson received a design patent for the ornamental design for a paperclip holder. March 7 1876- Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the telephone. March 8 1994- Don Ku was granted a patent for a wheeled suitcase with a collapsible towing handle. March 9 1954- Gladys Geissman was granted a patent for a babys garment. March 10 1862- The first U.S. paper money was issued. The denominations were $5, $10 and $20. The paper bills became legal tender by an act of government on March 17, 1862.1891- Almon Strowger was issued a patent for the automatic telephone exchange. March 11 1791- Samuel Mullikin became the first inventor to hold multiple patents. March 12 1935- England established the first 30 mph speed limit for town and village roads.1996- Michael Vost patented a mailbox signaling device. March 13 1877- Chester Greenwood received a patent for earmuffs.1944- Abbott and Costellos baseball routine Whos On First was copyrighted. March 14 1794- Eli Whitney was granted a patent for the cotton gin. March 15 1950- New York City hired Dr. Wallace E. Howell as the citys official rainmaker.1994- William Hartman was issued a patent for a method and apparatus for painting highway markings (stripes, etc.). March 16 1963- The movie  To Kill a Mockingbird, based on Harper Lees novel of the same name, was copyrighted. March 17 1845- The first rubber band was patented by Stephen Perry of London.1885- The Blast Furnace Charger was patented by Fayette Brown. March 18 1910- Rose ONeills Kewpie doll was copyrighted. March 19 1850- Phineas Quimby was issued a patent for a steering mechanism.1994- The largest omelet (1,383 ² ft) in the world was made with 160,000 eggs in Yokohama, Japan. March 20 1883- Jan Matzeliger was issued patent #274,207 for a lasting device for shoes. Matzeligers invention made the mass production of inexpensive shoes possible. March 21 1861- The Constitution of the Confederate States of America established a Patent Office. March 22 1841- Orlando Jones patented cornstarch.1960- Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes were issued a patent for the laser. March 23 1836- The coin press was invented by Franklin Beale.1956- West Side Story, a musical play by Leonard Bernstein, was copyrighted. March 24 1959- Charles Townes was granted a patent for the maser, the precursor to the laser. The maser was a big hit, being used to amplify radio signals and as an ultrasensitive detector for space research. March 25 1902- Irving W. Colburn patented the sheet glass drawing machine, making the mass production of glass for windows possible.1975- Cayetano Aguas was issued patent #3,873,284 for a smoke stack washer. March 26 1895- Charles Jenkins patented a motion picture machine.1895- Louis Lumiere patented a motion picture machine. What Lumiere invented was a portable motion-picture camera, a film-processing unit and a projector called the cinematographe - three functions covered in one invention. March 27 1790- The first shoelaces were invented.1990- Harold Osrow and Zvi Bleier received a patent for a portable ice cream machine. March 28 1899- William Fleming received a patent for a player piano using electricity. March 29 1933- 42nd Street, the movie, was copyrighted.2000- The Patent and Trademark Office became the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and began operations as a performance-based organization. March 30 1956- Woody Guthries song This Land Is Your Land was copyrighted. March 31 1981- Ananda Chakrabarty patented a new single-cell life form. March Birthdays March 1 1864- Rebecca Lee was the first black woman to get a medical degree. March 2 1876- Gosta Forsell was a noted Swedish radiologist.1902- Nuclear physicist and atomic scientist  Edward Uhler Condon  worked on the Manhattan Project. March 3 1831- George Pullman  invented the railway sleeping car.1838- American astronomer George W. Hill plotted the moons orbit.1841- Canadian oceanographer John Murray discovered the depths of the ocean.1845- German mathematician Georg Cantor discovered transfinite numbers.1847- Alexander Graham Bell  invented the first working telephone.1877- African-American inventor  Garrett Morgan  invented an improved  traffic light  and improved  gas mask.1895- Economist Ragnar Frisch of Norway won the  first Nobel Memorial Prize  in Economics  in 1969.1909- Jay Morris Arena was a noted inventor and pediatrician.1918- American biochemist Arthur Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959. March 4 1754- Physician Benjamin Waterhouse invented a smallpox vaccine.1835- Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli discovered the canals of Mars.1909- American builder Harry B. Helmsley designed the  Empire State Building.1934- Ethologist Jane van Lawick-Goodall was a chimp expert who won the 1974 Walker Prize.1939- James Aubrey Turner was a noted scientist. March 5 1574- English mathematician  William Oughtred  invented the slide rule.1637- Dutch painter John van der Heyden invented the fire extinguisher.1794- French physicist Jacques Babinet was  a noted mathematician and astronomer.1824- American physician Elisha Harris founded the American Public Health Association.1825- German photographer Joseph Albert invented the Albertotype.1893- Emmett J. Culligan founded a water treatment organization.1932- Scientist Walter Charles Marshall was a leading theoretician in the atomic properties of matter. March 6 1812- Aaron Lufkin Dennison was considered the father of American watchmaking.1939- Computer  inventor  Adam Osborne is the founder of the Osborne Computer Corporation. March 7 1765- French inventor  Joseph Niepce  made the first photographic image with a camera obscura.1837- Henry Draper was an  astro-spectro photographer who photographed the moon and Jupiter.1938- American scientist David Baltimore made key contributions in cancer research and is a 1975 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine. March 8 1787- Karl Ferdinand von Grafe was the father of modern plastic surgery.1862- Joseph Lee developed playgrounds.1879- German physicist and chemist Otto Hahn won the Nobel Prize in 1944 for his discovery of radiothorium and actinium.1886- Chemist  Edward Kendall  isolated cortisone and won the Nobel Prize in 1950. March 9 1791- American surgeon George Hayward was the first to use ether anesthesia.  1900- American scientist  Howard Aiken  invented the Mark I computer.1923- French fashion designer Andre Courreges invented the miniskirt.1943- American Jef Raskin was a pioneering computer scientist. March 10 1940- Psychologist Wayne Dyer wrote The Universe Within You. March 11 1811- Urbain Jean Joseph  Le  Verrier codiscovered Neptune.1832- German  physicist Franz Melde invented the Melde test.1879- Danish chemist Niels Bjerrum invented pH tests.1890- American scientist  Vannevar Bush  first proposed the basics of hypertext in 1945 that laid the foundation for the internet. March 12 1824- Prussian physicist Gustav R. Kirchoff invented spectral analysis.1831- Clement Studebaker invented the Studebaker car.1838- William Perkin invented the first artificial dye.1862- Jane Delano founded the  Red Cross. March 13 1733- English clergyman and scientist  Joseph Priestley  discovered oxygen and invented a method of making carbonated water.1911- L. Ron Hubbard was a noted sci-fi writer and the first  Scientologist  who invented  Dianetics. March 14 1692- Physicist  Pieter van Musschenbroek  invented the Leyden Jar - the first electrical capacitor.1800- American builder James Bogardus invented ways of making cast-iron buildings.1833- Lucy Hobbs Taylor was the first woman to become a dentist in the United States in 1866.1837- American librarian Charles Ammi Cutter invented expansive classification.1854- German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908.1879- German physicist  Albert Einstein  won the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his  theory of relativity. March 15 1801- Coenraad J. van Houten was a Dutch chemist and chocolate maker.1858- American botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey is considered the father of  plant-breeding.1938- English composer Dick Higgins invented the term intermedia and founded Something Else Press. March 16 1806- Norbert Rillieux  invented the sugar refiner.1836- Andrew Smith Hallidie  patented the first cable car.1910- Andrew Miller-Jones was a British television pioneer.1918- American physicist Frederick Reines was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics.1951- Scientist Richard Stallman is an American software freedom activist and programmer. March 17 1787- Physicist  George Simon Ohm  discovered Ohms Law.1834- German car manufacturer  Gottlieb Daimler  invented the first motorcycle.1925- G.M. Hughes was a renowned British zoologist.1925- Physiologist Jerome Lejeune was a geneticist best-known for discovering links of diseases to chromosome abnormalities. March 18 1690- German mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote the Goldbach position.1858- German engineer  Rudolf Diesel  invented the diesel motor.1886- German psychologist Kurt Koffka invented Gestalt therapy. March 19 1892- Neurobiologist Siegfried T. Bok wrote Cybernetica.1900- French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie  won  the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. March 20 1856- American inventor and engineer Frederick W. Taylor is best-known as the father of scientific management.1904- American psychologist B.F. Skinner was an author, inventor, behaviorist and social philosopher.1920- Douglas G. Chapman was a biomathematical statistician. March 21 1869- Architect Albert Kahn invented modern factory design.1884- American mathematician George D. Birkhoff discovered aesthetic measure.1932- American scientist Walter Gilbert was a molecular biology pioneer and Nobel laureate. March 22 1868- American physicist Robert A. Millikan discovered the  photoelectric effect  and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923.1907- American scientist James M. Gavin was a military theorist.1924- Al Neuharth founded the newspaper USA Today.1926- American Julius Marmur was a noted biochemist and geneticist.1931- American scientist Burton Richter was a Nobel Prize-winning physicist.1946- American mathematician and computer scientist Rudy Rucker is a popular author in science fiction and science. March 23 1881- German chemist  Hermann Staudinger  was a noted plastics researcher who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953.1907- Swiss pharmacologist Daniel Bovet won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1957.1912- German  rocket  scientist  Wernher von Braun  was a space architect and aerospace engineer. March 24 1809- French math whiz Joseph Liouville discovered transcendental numbers.1814- American naturalist Galen Clark discovered Mariposa Grove.1835- Austrian physicist Josef Stefan wrote the Stefan-Boltzmann law.1871- British nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford is considered the father of nuclear physics and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.1874- Hungarian magician and escape artist  Harry Houdini  invented a divers suit.1884- Dutch physical chemist Peter Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936.1903- German  biochemist Adolph F.J. Butenandt won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939.1911- Joseph Barbera was  a noted  animator and  one-half  of Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc.1936- Canadian scientist David Suzuki is a noted television host and narrator.1947- English computer manufacturer Alan Sugar founded Amstrad Computers. March 25 1786- Giovanni B. Amia was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and botanist.1867- Gutzon Borglum was the  Mount Rushmore  sculptor.1914- Italian humanitarian and agronomist Norman Borlaug won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for inventing methods to increase food  supply and was also awarded the  Presidential Medal of Freedom. March 26 1773- Mathematician and astronomer Nathaniel Bowditch invented the marine sextant.1821- Ernst Engel was a German economist.1821- German statistician Earnest Angel wrote the Law of Angel.1885- Robert Blackburn was a pioneer in British aviation.1893- Scientist James Bryant Conant was known for his lasting influence on American science.1908- Robert William Paine was a noted architect.1908- Zoologist Kenneth Mellanby of England was a noted entomologist and ecologist.1911- German-born Bernard Katz was a noted biophysicist noted for his work on nerve physiology.1913- Paul Erdos was a noted Hungarian mathematician known for his work in number theory.1916- American chemist Christian B. Anfinsen researched cell physiology and won the Nobel Prize in 1972.1930- Sandra Day OConnor was the first woman to become a U.S. Supreme Court justice in 1981.1941- English scientist Richard Dawkins is a noted evolutionary biologist. March 27 1780- German inventor and mathematician August L. Crelle built the first Prussian Railway.1844- Adolphus Washington Greely was an American Arctic explorer.1845- Physicist  Wilhelm Conrad von Rontgen  discovered X-rays and won the  Nobel Prize  in Physics in 1901.1847- German chemist Otto Wallach won the Nobel Prize in 1910.1863- Henry Royce invented the Rolls-Royce.1905- Hungarian mathematician Laszlo Kalmar discovered  mathematical  logic and was the founder of theoretical computer science in Hungary.1922- Margaret Stacey was a noted sociologist. March 28 1942- American philosopher Daniel Dennett is a researcher of cognitive science and evolutionary biology. March 29 1883- American chemist Van Slyke invented  micromanometric  analysis. March 30 1842- Dr. Crawford Long was the first physician to use ether as an anesthetic.1865- German physicist Heinrich Rubens was  known for his measurements of the energy of black-body radiation, which led Max Planck to the discovery of his radiation law.  Ã‚  1876- Clifford Whittingham Beers was a mental hygiene pioneer.1892- Polish mathematician Stefan Banach is considered one of the most important and influential 20th-century mathematicians.1894- Sergei Ilyushin was a noted builder of Russian airplanes.1912- Andrew Rodger Waterson was a noted naturalist. March 31 1811- German chemist Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen invented the  Bunsen  burner.1854- Dugald Clerk invented a 2-stroke motorcycle engine.1878- Jack Johnson  was the first black heavyweight boxing champ (1908-1915) and invented a wrench.1950- Pathologist Alison McCartney is a noted breast cancer campaigner.

What Producers Look for in a Screenplay Query

What Producers Look for in a Screenplay Query In my decade or so at Treasure Entertainment, I literally received thousands of query letters from fledgling writers desperate to claw their way to the top of the read pile. Want to guess how many I responded to? If you said less than two dozen, you’d be a winner. This is not to discourage you from querying producers, but rather to drive home the reality that competition is fierce and many letters get tossed. However, there are a lot of things you can do (and avoid doing) in your query to increase your chances that a producer will actually request the script. Here are some of the most prominent: Know Who You’re Querying Research the company you’re sending the letter to. Know what kind of pictures they produce. The information is out there if you do a little digging. Look at the company’s credits on IMDb or Wikipedia. Google their films’ budgets. Treasure produces niche genre films under $10 million, but I can’t tell you how many times I received queries about a $75 million period drama. If you pitch something that’s in their wheelhouse, you have a much better shot at a response. Start with a Solid Logline Don’t meander through some circuitous introduction that forces the producer to find your story. Start with â€Å"Dear _____, I would like to submit the following screenplay for your consideration.† Then go right into the logline – a concise, one-sentence description of the plot. A good logline will reveal the protagonist, the antagonist, the conflict, the protagonist’s goal, and what’s at stake if the protagonist fails. It should also infer the genre, tone and scope of the piece. You want the producer to be able to glean from the logline whether it’s a big-budget action film or a dark indie drama. (Read Ashley Scott Meyers’ article â€Å"Writing a Screenplay Log Line† here: sellingyourscreenplay.com/how-to-sell-your-screenplay/writing-a-screenplay-logline/) Other Key Elements After the logline, follow up with a paragraph describing any enticing background about the project such as attached cast or a director, noteworthy awards or competition wins, whether the script is based on preexisting material like a book or magazine article, and whether any amount of funding is in place. This is your chance to really sell it. Follow that up with a short one-paragraph

The Joint Intelligence Committee model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Joint Intelligence Committee model - Essay Example The most sparkling thing with the Joint Intelligence Committee is that the committee has managed to maneuver all the critics and scandals that are likely to occur in such a remarkable organization and of high value. According to Aldrich (1992, pp.112) Joint Intelligence Committee is a success that the British government has enjoyed for a long period of time. With time, the Joint Intelligence Committee has attained the label of the government’s flagship. Other researchers have traced the reports of the Britain’s central intelligence in the quest for looking for information that answers all questions that pertain to the Joint Intelligence Committee. In fact, other analysts have made a great attempt to trace the works of the Joint Intelligence Committee’s former chairman, all in an endeavor to understand their records and thoughts on the Committee. This essay will undertake a detailed research on the Joint Intelligence Committee by analyzing the works of various analysts who have undertaken a great percentage of their time to conduct a detailed research on the project. For an understanding of the project, it is important to evaluate the parallel systems in other countries, to comprehend the effectiveness of the Committee. In as much the Joint Intelligence Committee has recorded massive failures whilst in its operations, notable- the onset and closing stages of the cold war- it is important that, both sides of the operations are weighed to avoid bias wile taking the final conclusion. For instance, if the Joint Intelligence Committee is judged on the basis that, it was able to predict the attack of the Soviet bomb to the Britons by 1954, but occurred by 1949, would be taking a harsh stand on the ability of the Joint Intelligence Committee to create a situation whereby they are able to come up with workable solutions on the validi ty and reliability of the committee. 2.0. Brief history on the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) has had the longest history prior to its establishment. Grant (2009, pp.178) indicates that, the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) traces its roots to the early 1940s. During this period, the Committee played the role of a synchronizing the founder chiefs of the organizations in order to, have a stable base of operation. The major proponents of this Committee included, the directors and delegates of persons with intelligence form various governments’ settings like, UKs army, navy, Economic warfare as well as, the coordinator of information. The growth and development of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) was hastened by the 1947 National Security Amendment that made room for refurbishing the outmoded approach. It is after 1947, that the Committee witnessed hastened growth with the incorporation of persons with ideas on the advancing int elligence in all forms of the Committees’ systems and departments. For instance, it is at this time that, the Committee aimed at creating a situation whereby military intelligence is combined. However, the Committee did not manage to create a unified military intelligence attributes from Phythian’s (2005, pp.654) argument that, no evidence has been documented on the Committees’ statistics that national intelligence estimations are vivid. In response, research conducted by Aldrich (1992, pp.98), indicates that, the committee had to conduct a series of meetings in an attempt to alleviate the hitches that were present in the system as well as, allocating specific roles to various members of the committee. For

My structural engineering class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My structural engineering class - Essay Example Tall structures conventionally require deep foundations. The foundations can go up to several meters below the ground level. This affects the ground conditions significantly and may disturb the load distribution of smaller structures. In addition to that, exposure of a tall structure to wind loads is significantly reduced when it is surrounded with other tall buildings. This reduces the additional cost of bracing or safety equipment that the constructors otherwise have to provide to an unprotected tall structure. Although the structures in surrounding of the Burj Khalifa Tower are also tall, yet it is the tallest among all. Its height can not be compared to other structures in its surroundings. Tall structures may also be constructed in such regions where other structures are of lesser height in order to add to the beauty and usability of the area. People take pride in tall structures and see them as a symbol of pride. Tall structures become the symbol of area in which they are

Absence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman

Absence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚   "'Lo! There ye stand, my children,' said the figure, in a deep and solemn tone, almost sad, with its despairing awfulness, as if his once angelis nature could yet mourn for our miserable race. "Depending on one another's hearts, ye had still hoped, that virtue were not all a dream. Now ye are undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome, again, my children, to the communion of your race!'" The above quotation from Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown is of central importance in analyzing the attitudes and ideas present throughout the story, though in a curious way. The quotation (and the story itself), on first reading, seem superficially to portray a central character's loss of faith and the spiritual tragedy contained therein. Rereading, however, reveals a more complex set of ideas, ones which neither fully condemn nor condone the strictly constructed dichotomy of good and evil that Hawthorne employs again and again over the course of Goodman Brown's journey. I think Hawthorne had much more in mind than a mere outline of good and evil. His primary struggle in Young Goodman Brown seems to be less with faith vs. the faithless void than with the points in between these states. The story seems more about the journey through between two rigidly defined states than about good and evil. By describing good and evil through heavy-handed metaphors and symbols, such as his wife's name and the satanic communion he finds himself at in the forest, and then describing goodman Brown's inability to adapt his self-image to the hypocrisy he finds, Hawthorne comments on the ultimate failure of such a rigidly proscribed formula for... ... these two states than it is about a definitive statement on outlining a definition of "proper" human behavior. Works Cited Capps,   Jack L.   "Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown", Explicator, Washington D.C., 1982 Spring,   40:3, 25. Easterly, Joan Elizabeth.   "Lachrymal Imagery in Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown", Studies in Short Fiction, Newberry, S.C.,   1991 Summer,   28:3, 339-43. Hawthorne, Nathaniel.   "Young Goodmam Brown", The Story and Its Writer, 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1995, 595-604. Shear, Walter.   "Cultural Fate and Social Freedom in Three American Short Stories",   Studies in Short Fiction, Newberry, S.C.,   1992 Fall, 29:4, 543-549. Tritt, Michael.   "Young Goodman Brown and the Psychology of Projection",   Studies in Short Fiction, Newberry, S.C., 1986 Winter, 23:1, 113-117.         

Bay of Pigs Invasion

The invasion at the Bay of Pigs is an event that played a significant role in histories of both the United States and Cuba. It was a United States-supported attack on the regime of Cuban leader Fidel Castro, in an attempt to stop communism. The attempt proved futile; many lives were lost for an objective that was not achieved. The invasion therefore served as a lesson in American politics. Since the Second World War ended, the United States was convinced that communism was a major problem (Sierra 2). Americans believed that communism was a major threat.When Fidel Castro arrived in the United States for the American Society of Newspaper Editors in April 1959, Vice President Richard Nixon was already determined to oppose his rule (Sierra 3). Earlier that year, the Cuban revolution occurred, and President Dwight Eisenhower realized the social implications of the said revolution (Sierra 2; â€Å"Wars†). The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had formulated a plan against Castro, wh ich Eisenhower approved on March 17, 1960 (â€Å"Bay†; Sierra 3). The relationship between the United States and Cuba began to break down; the diplomatic ties between the two nations were officially cut by the U.S. government on January 3, 1961 (â€Å"Bay†; Sierra 2). Seventeen days after the Eisenhower administration ended their relations with Cuba, former Senator John F. Kennedy assumed his post in the oval office as President (Sierra 2). Before being elected as President, with the given political climate, Kennedy knew that the only way he could win the presidency was to champion anti-communism. He then became fixated with Castro. The moment he became president, he had already promised Cuban exiles that he would fervently fight communism and support any effort to topple the Castro regime (Sierra 3).The invasion was planned in such a way that Cuban exiles would overthrow the Castro administration without exposing how involved the United States was to the operation (â €Å"Bay†). There had already been speculation that the officials of the United States had been planning to attack Cuba, but this was responded to with denials (Sierra 2). However, Raul Roa, the prime minister of Cuba, confirmed that Cuban exiles were being recruited, trained and paid for their contribution in the possible attack (Sierra 3). The initial plan of attack was to land in Trinidad City in the day (Sierra 3).However, this plan had two disadvantages. First, the city was located close to the Escambray Mountains; this would be an ideal place wherein Castro's troops would retreat into after the attack. Second, Kennedy realized that this would reveal to the public the involvement of the United States in the attack. The plan was then changed; instead, the landing would be at the Bay of Pigs, which was to occur at night. The bay presented a possible air-strip located on the beach wherein the bombing raids could be managed.After the area was secured, Cuban government created by the CIA would be established; its legitimacy would immediately acknowledged by the U. S. government. The installed government would then ask for military assistance, and there would be an â€Å"intervention† (Sierra 3). In a press conference five days prior to the attack, Kennedy claimed that the United States military would not interfere with the Cuban situation. He stated that it was a struggle amongst the Cubans, not a battle between the U. S. and Cuba (Sierra 3). On April 15th, B-26 planes simultaneously bombed four airfields in Cuba (Sierra 4).These bomber planes were transformed to look like Cuban planes operated by Cuban exiles. A few days before the actual attack was launched, people from the CIA arrived in Cuba to assist the invaders. They were tasked to commit terrorist attacks like bombing bridges; it is because by doing so, it would appear that the Cuban citizens were involved in the attack. However, the truth was soon unveiled. The difference between the nose s of a Cuban and an American plane gave it away. The former was made of Plexiglas, while the latter was opaque.Meanwhile, the forces arrived on April 16th; six battalions which consisted of 1,500 men arrived on the bay (Sierra 4). While the invasion was proceeding, the leader of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy (Sierra 4). The letter stated that everyone already knew about the U. S. involvement in the invasion, and that Russia would not hesitate to aid Cuba in defending itself from invaders. This prompted Kennedy to stop the air strikes (â€Å"Bay†). However, the attack on land continued; the exiles wanted to proceed to Havana in hopes of getting support from the locals.The invaders failed to reach their destination, as Castro's troops stopped them. It was on April 19th when the fighting was halted, but many people had already been killed while others have been captured. Later on, the exiles were free on ransom by the Cuban government (â€Å"Bayâ⠂¬ ). The invasion was a failure; it caused great embarrassment to Kennedy and the U. S. government (â€Å"Bay†). The failure was attributed to insufficient and erroneous planning and execution. There was lack of preparation, while the intelligence gathered was not sufficient to guarantee the success of the invasion.That is the reason why Kennedy fired several CIA officials (Sierra 6). In addition, information about the impending attack also allowed Castro and his troops to prepare. Despite the numerous setbacks, Kennedy pushed through with the attack hoping that the citizens of Cuba would support it. They never did (â€Å"Bay†). The invasion at the Bay of Pigs was intended to crush communism by overthrowing Fidel Castro. The invasion was an attempt of the United States to attack Cuba under the guise of a local political dilemma. The invasion failed, resulting in the loss of lives and the humiliation of the Free World.The event has indeed proved that a noble intention does not guarantee success. Works Cited â€Å"Bay of Pigs Invasion†. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2008. Microsoft Corporation. 11 June 2008 . Sierra, Jerry A. â€Å"Invasion at Bay of Pigs. † History of Cuba. 30 July 2007. 11 June 2008 . â€Å"Wars and Battles: Bay of Pigs Invasion. † U-S-history. com. 12 June 2008 .